ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
DENISOVA CAVE: A PROMINENT PALEOLITHIC SITE IN NORTH ASIA
Denisova Cave is situated in the Altai region of Siberia (Russia). It contains more than twenty layers of excavated artifacts indicative hominin occupation dating as far back as 280,000 years BP and as recent as the Middle Ages. The archaeological materials from the Pleistocene deposits are some of the most important sources of information regarding the Paleolithic age in Northern Asia. In the Pleistocene layers of the cave a finger bone (2008) was unearthed within stratum 11 belonging to a six or seven year-old unknown hominin girl that dates back roughly between 48,000 and 30,000 years. Later it was established that this bone belonged to a human whose mitochondrial DNA is distinct from the DNA of Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans; it belongs to a new kind of hominins called Homo sapiens altaiensis – “Denisovans”. This paper aims to shed more light on the analysis of the materials discovered within the Pleistocene layers of the cave (lithis tools, faunal, and human remains), demonstrating how multidisciplinary research and applying the scientific method in analysing a single site could reveal such unexpected, previously unknown facts, thus casting a new light on Paleolithic life in this region of North Asia.
https://shedet.journals.ekb.eg/article_87825_d2dda3eaabe3d3b8b2c76bcf9a4edb79.pdf
2017-12-01
1
21
10.21608/shedet.004.01
Pleistocene
Denisova Cave
Altai
Upper Paleolithic
homo sapiens altaensis
mtDNA
Aboualhassan
BAKRY
1
AUTHOR
- Agadjanian (A. K.) and others, ‘Problemy vzaimootnoshenii pervobytnogo cheloveka i pripodnoi sredy na primere Severo-Zapadnogo Altaia’, in Ekologiya i biosfery i bioraznoobraziya 4: paleoekologiya i evoluciya soobshestv, Paleontologicheskii institut RAN, Moscow 2006, 439-459.
1
- Akimova (E. V.) and others eds., Arkheologiya, Geologiya i paleogeografiya paleoliticheskikh pamyatnikov yuga Srednei Sibiri (Severo-Minusinskaya vpadina, Kuznetskii Alatau i Vostochnyi Sayan), Krasnoyarsk 1992.
2
- Alekseev (V.), ‘The Physical Specificities of Paleolithic Hominids in Siberia’, in The Paleolithic of Siberia. – Urbana, Chicago, Univ. of Illinois Press 1998, 329 – 335.
3
- Anoikin (A. A.) and Postnov (A. V.), ‘Features of Raw Material Use in The Palaeolithic Industries of the Mountains Altai, Siberia, Russia’, INDO-PASIFIC PREHISTORY ASSOCIATION BULLETIN25/3 (2005), 49-56.
4
- Denisova peshera, Altai: Putevoditel, 1999.
5
- Denisova peshera, PRIRODA ALTAYA 11/12 (2007), 28.
6
- Denisovu pesheru nazvali v chest otshelnika Dionisiya, KOMSOMOLSKAYA PRAVDA 26.10 (2007).
7
- Derevianko (A. P.) and Molodin (V. I.), Denisova peshera, part 1. Novosibirsk 1994.
8
- ___________, ‘Perekhod ot srednego r verkhnemu paleolitu na Altae’, ARCHAEOLOGY, ETHNOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY OF EURASIA3/7 (2001), 70–103.
9
- ___________, The Middle to Upper Paleolithic Transition and Formation of Homo sapiens in Eastern, Central and Northern Asia, Novosibirsk 2002.
10
- ___________, ‘The Upper Paleolithic in Africa and Eurasia and the Origin of Anatomically Modern Humans’, in International Symposium “Features of the Upper Plaeolithic
11
Transition in Eurasia: Cultural Dynamics and Evolution of the Genus Homo’ Denisova Cave, the Altai, 4-10 July 2011, Novosibirsk 2011
12
- ___________, Recent Discoveries in the Altai: Issues on the Evolution of Homo sapiens, Institute of Archaeology and Ethnograpgy Sb RAS Press, Novosibirsk 2012.
13
- Derevianko (A. P.) and others, Paleoinvironment and Paleolithic Human Occupation in Gorny Altai: Subsistence and Adaptation in the Vicinity of Denisova Cave, Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS Press, Novosibirsk 2003.
14
- Derevianko (A.P.) and others, “Issledovaniya v vostochnoi galeree Denisovoi peschery”, PROBLEMY ARKHEOLOGII, ENTOGRAFII I ANTROPOLOGII SIBIRII I SOPREDELNYKH TERRITORII 11/1 (2005), Novosibirsk, 100 – 105.
15
- Derevianko (A. P.) and others, ‘The Pleistocene Peopling of Siberia: A Review of Environmental and Behavioral Aspects’, INDO-PASIFIC PREHISTORY ASSOCIATION BULLETIN 57 (2005), Pp. 69-77.
16
- Derevianko (A. P.) and others, ‘A Paleolithic Bracelet from Denisova Cave’, ARCHAEOLOGY, ETHNOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY OF EURASIA 34/2 (2008), 13-25.
17
- Derevianko (A. P.) and others, Arkheologiya, geologiya i paleografia pleistotsena i golotsena Gornogo Altaya, Novosibirsk 1998.
18
- Derevianko (A. P.) and others, The Dynamics of the Paleolithic Industries in Africa and Eurasia in the Late Pleistocene and the Issue of the Homo Sapiens Origin, Novoribirsk 2014.
19
- Geniatulin (R. F.), Malaya enciklopedia Zabaikaliya. Arkheologiya. Novosibirsk. 2011.
20
- Jermonpre (M.), ‘Predvaritelnye rezultaty tafonomii Denisvoi peshery (po materialam rskopok 1992 g.)’, ALTAICA 2 (1993), 11-16
21
- Mednikova (M. B.), ‘A Proximal Pedal Phalanx of a Paleolithic Hominin from Denisova Cave, ARCHAEOLOGY, ETHNOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY OF EURASIA 39/1 (2011), 129-138.
22
- Ovodov (N. D.), ‘Pozdneantropogenovaya fauna mlekopitaushikh (Mammalia) ugo Ussuriiskogo kraya’, in Fauna i Sistematika pozvonochnykh Sibiri, Novosibirsk. 1977, 157-177.
23
- ___________, ‘Peshernye mestonakhojdeniya ostatkov mlekopitaushikh Sibiri i Dalnego Vostoka (kratkii obzor)’, in Karst Dalnego Vostoka i Sibiri, Vladivostok 1980, 145-163.
24
- Reich (D.) and others, ‘Denisova Admixture and the First Modern Human Dispersal into Southeast Asia and Oceania’, THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HUMAN GENETICS89 (2011), 516–528.
25
- Reich (D) and others, ‘Genetic History of an Archaic Hominin Group from Denisova Cave in Siberia’, NATURE468 (2010), 1053-1060.
26
- Rerikh (N. K.), Altai-Gimalai, Moscow 2001.
27
- Roerich (N.), Altai-Himalaya, A Travel Diary, New-York 1929.
28
- Shpakova (E. G.), ‘Odontologicheskie materialy perioda paleolita na terretorii Sibiri’,
29
- ARCHAEOLOGY, ETHNOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY OF EURASIA 4 (2001), 65-76.
30
- Shunkov (M. V.) and Agadjanian (A. K.), ‘Paleografiya paleolita Denisovoi peshery’, in ARCHAEOLOGY, ETHNOLOGY AND ANTHROPOLOGY OF EURASIA 2/2 (2000), 2-19.
31
- Turner (C. G.), ‘Physical Anthropology in the U.S.S.R. Today. Part II’, QUARTERLY REVIEW OF ARCHAEOLOGY 8/3 (1988), 4 – 6.
32
- ___________, ‘Paleolithic Teeth of the Central Siberia Altai Mountains’, in Chronostratigraphy of the Paleolithic in North, Central, East Asia and America, Novosibirsk: Institute of History, Philology and Philosophy Sib. Br. USSR Acad. Sci. 1990, 239 – 243.
33
- ___________, ‘Paleolithic Siberian Dentition from Denisova and Okladnikov Caves, Altaiskiy Kray, USSR’, CURRENT RESEARACH ON THE PLEISTOCENE7 (1990), 65 – 66.
34
- Vattathil (S.), and Akey (J. M.), ‘Small Amounts of Archaic Admixture Provide Big Insights into Human History’, CELL163 (2015), 281–284.
35
- Vernot (B.) and others, ‘Excavating Neandertal and Denisovan DNA from the Genomes of Melanesian Individuals’, SCIENCE 10/1126 (2016), 1-9.
36
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
UNPUBLISHED MUMMY BANDAGES IN THE EGYPTIAN MUSEUM CAIRO
The main purpose of this paper is the publication and study of thirteen unpublished linen strips in the Egyptian Museum Cairo. Illustrated drawings are produced for the first time. All texts preserved on these mummy bandages can be mainly divided into two types: The first type, consisting of five pieces, shows excerpts of vignettes for the Opening of the Mouth episodes (48c, 50c-d, 50h-l, 53 a-b). The second type, consisting of seven pieces, contains indefinite mortuary formulas reflecting the mythological drama of the resurrection. Furthermore, we have one linen strip which displays a part of the first chapter of the Book of the Dead.
https://shedet.journals.ekb.eg/article_87826_348e08c134dbe159c11b6719bfec7f14.pdf
2017-12-01
22
36
10.21608/shedet.004.02
Mummy bandage
linen - Opening of the Mouth
Resurrection - Book of the Dead
Ahmed
Safina
aks00@fayoum.edu.eg
1
AUTHOR
- Allen, J., The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, New York 2005.
1
- Altenmüller, B., ‘Anubis’, in LÄ, I, 327-333.
2
- Antelme, R. & Rossini, S., Becoming Osiris: The Ancient Egyptian Death Experience, 1995.
3
- Blackman, A.A., ‘The Rite of Opening the Mouth in Ancient Egypt and Babylonia, JEA 10 (1924), 47-59.
4
- Baly, T.J., ‘Notes on the Ritual of Opening of the Mouth’, JEA 16 (1930), 173-186.
5
- Barbara, W., The Gods of Ancient Egypt, London, 1984.
6
- Blackman, A. M. & Fairman, H.W, ‘The Consecration of an Egyptian Temple according to the Temple of Edfu’, JEA 32 (1946) 75-91.
7
- Budge, W. The Book of the Opening the Mouth. The Egyptian texts with English translations. II vols, London, 1909.
8
- Caminos, R. A, ‘The Rendells Mummy Bandages’,JEA 68 (1982), 145-155.
9
- Cauville, S., Le Temple de Dendara: les chapelles osiriennes. Transcription et traduction, I, Le Caire, 1997.
10
- D’Amicone, E. ‘Stoffe und Webarten’, in: LÄ VI, 57-63.
11
- Daressy, M., ‘Procès-verbal d’ouverture de la nome n. 29707’, ASAE 3(1902), 151-154.
12
- Darnell, J.C, ‘The Apotropaic Goddess in the Eye’, SAK 24 (1997) 35-48.
13
- Elsayed, R., Le Déesse Neith de Sais, I, Le Caire: IFAO, 1982.
14
- Goyon, J.-Cl., Rituels funéraires de l’ancienne Égypte : le rituel de l’embaumement, le rituel de l’ouverture de la bouche, les livres des respirations. Introduction, traduction et commentaire, Paris, 1972.
15
- Griffith, J. G., ‘Remarks on the Mythology of the Eye of Horus’, CdÉ 33 (1958), 182-193.
16
- Hart, G., Dictionary of Egyptian Gods and Goddesses, London, 1986.
17
- Hassan, S., Excavation at Giza, Cairo, 1944.
18
- Ischlondsky, N.D., ‘A Peculiar Representation of the Jackal-God Anubis’, JARCE 25 (1966), 17-26.
19
- Janák, J., ‘Journey to the Resurrection. Chapter 105 of the Book of the Dead in the New Kingdom’, SAK,31 (2003), 194-210.
20
- Kockelmann, H., Untersuchungen zu den späten Totenbuch-Handschriften auf Mumienbinden, 3 vols. Studien zum Altägyptischen Totenbuch 12. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2008.
21
- Lohwasser, A., Die Formal Öffnen des Gesichts, Vienna, 1991.
22
- Otto, E., Das ägyptische Mundöffnungsritual, 2 Teile (Text und Kommentar), Wiesbaden, 1960.
23
- Parlasca, K., Mumienporträts und verwandte Denkmäler, Wiesbaden, 1 966.
24
- Pinch, G., Magic in Ancient Egypt, London, 1994.
25
- Posner-Kriéger, P., ‚Les Mesures des étoffes á l'Ancien Empire‘, RdÉ 29 (1977),44-45.
26
- Quack, J.F, Das Mundöffnungsritual als Tempeltext und Funerärtext, Liturgical texts for Osiris and the deceased in Late Period and Greco-Roman Egypt 2015 Studien zur spätägyptischen Religion, Wiesbaden : Harrassowitz, 2015.
27
- Quirke, S., Going out in Daylight prt m hrw: the Egyptian Book of the Dead - translation, sources, meanings, London, 2013.
28
- Roth, A., Fingers, Stars, and the “Opening of the Mouth”: the nature and function of the nTrwj-blades, London, 1993.
29
- Schulman, A.R, ‘The Iconographic Theme: "Opening of the Mouth" on Stelae’, JARCE 21 (1984), 169-196.
30
- Smith, S., ‘The Old kingdom linen list’, ZÄS 17 (1935), 134-149.
31
- Smith, M., The liturgy of opening the mouth for breathing, Oxford, 1993.
32
- Verhoeven, U., Untersuchungen zur späthieratischen Buchschrift.OLA 99. Leuven, 2001.
33
- Wilson, P, A Ptolemaic Lexikon, A Lexicographical study of the texts in the temple of Edfou, Leuven,1997.
34
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
WHAT IS THE TITLE OF MERREW?
The title was found on some vessels recovered from the pyramid of Djoser, followed byMrrw(Merrew) the name of an unknown employee. This title is one of the mysterious and unclear titles. Researchers have offered various readings of this title (rmnzx?;zx a(w)?;zxXrt-a?), thus giving different meanings. The paper aims at identifying this employee through determining the most correct and closest reading of this title, deciding the time of its emergence, defining its meaning.
https://shedet.journals.ekb.eg/article_87827_0c3d56b94c83d3956737cf59529ba2ef.pdf
2017-12-01
37
50
10.21608/shedet.004.03
Islam I.
AMER
dreslam_amer@yahoo.com
1
AUTHOR
Assmann J.,
1
Die Mastaba II / I zu Dahschur-Mitte, (Heidelberg, 1992).
2
Badawi A. & Kees H.,
3
Handwoerterbuch der Aegyptischen sprache, (kairo 1958).
4
Baillet J.,
5
‘Les noms de L'esclave en Égytian’ in: RT= RecTrav, 28, (1908).
6
Boesser P.A.A.,
7
Beschreibung der Aegyptischen Sammlung der Niederländischen Reichsmuseums der Altertümer in Leiden , II, (Leiden 1909).
8
Borchardt L.,
9
Statuen und Statuetten von Konigen und Privartleuten im Museum von Kairo, (Berlin 1930).
10
Brugsch H.,
11
Dictionnaire géographique de l'ancienne Égypte, V, (Leipzig ,1880).
12
Daressy G.,
13
Le mastaba de Mera, (Cairo 1900).
14
Davies D.G. Norman & Macadam M.F.,
15
A Corpus of Inscribed Egyptian Funerary, (Oxford, 1957).
16
Davies W.V.,
17
‘Tutaankhamun's Razor-Box: A Problem in Lexicography’, in: JEA 63, (1977)
18
Dümichen,
19
Baugeschichte des Denderatempels und Beschreibung dereinzelnen Theile des Bauwerkes nach den an seinen Mauern befindlichen Inschriften, (Strassburg - Trübner, 1877).
20
Dunham D.,
21
"The Biographical Inscriptions of Nekhebu in Boston and Cairo", in: JEA, 24, (1938).
22
Epron L. & Wild H.,
23
Le Tombeau de Ti, I, (Le Caire, 1939).
24
Fakhry A. ,
25
‘The Excavation of Snefru's Monuments at Dahshur. Second Preliminary Repot’, in: ASAE 52 (1954).
26
__________,
27
Sept tombeaux à l'est de la grande pyramide de Guizeh, (SAE) (Cairo 1935).
28
__________,
29
The Monuments of Sneferu at Dashur, II, (Cairo, 1961).
30
Faulkner R.O.,
31
The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, (Oxford, 1969).
32
Firth C.M.& Quibell J.E.,
33
The Step Pyramid, II, (Cairo, 1939).
34
Fischer H. G.,
35
‘Five Inscriptions of the Old Kingdom’, in: ZÄS, 105, (1978).
36
__________,
37
‘The Inspector of Youths Nfr-n-2wfw’, in: OMRO 41, (1960).
38
__________,
39
Egyptian Studies III. Varia Nova, (New York 1996).
40
Gardiner A. H.,
41
‘The House life’, in JEA, 24, (1938).
42
__________,
43
Egyptian Grammar, Begin and introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs, third edition, (London, 1973).
44
__________,
45
Late-Egyptian Miscellanies, (Bruxelles, 1937).
46
Glanville S.,
47
‘Scribes' palettes in the British Museum’ in: JEA, 18, (1932).
48
Goedicke H. ,
49
‘Ein Brief aus dem Alten Reich (Pap.Boulaq. 8)’, in: MDAIK, 22, (1967).
50
__________,
51
Die Privaten Rechts inschriften aus dem Alten Reich, (Vienna 1970).
52
__________,
53
Königliche Dokumente aus dem alten Reich, (Wiesbaden 1967)
54
‘Inscriptions from the Step Pyramid Site, III Fragments of Inscribed Vessels’, in: ASAE, 28, (1928).
55
Hannig R.,
56
Die Sprache der Pharaonen Großes Handwörterbuch Deutsch-Ägyptisch, (Mainz, 2000).
57
Hassan S.,
58
Excavations at Giza, VI, part II ( Cairo 1948).
59
‘Das Dekret des Königs Haremheb’ in: ZÄS, 80 (1955).
60
__________,
61
‘Die Datierung der Gefäßaufscriften aus der Djoserpyramide’, in: ZÄS, 106, Heet 2, (1979).
62
__________,
63
‘Ninetjer’, in: LÄ IV, (1982).
64
__________,
65
Unterscuchungen zur Thinitenzeit, (Wiesbaden, 1987)
66
__________,
67
Untersuchungen zu den Beamtentitln des Ägyptischen Alten Reiches, (Glückstadt, 1954)
68
__________,
69
Untersuchungen zu den Beamtentiteln des ägyptischen Alten Reiches (ÄF 18), (Glückstadt 1954)
70
Hermann A.,
71
‘Buchillustrationen auf ägyptischen Bücherkästen’, in: MDAIK, 15, (1957).
72
James T. G. H.,
73
British Museum. Hieroglyphic Texts from Egyptian Stelae etc., Part I. Second Edition, (London 1961).
74
__________,
75
Corpus of Hieroglyphic Inscriptions in the Brooklyn Museum. I. From Dynasty I to the End of Dynasty XVIII, (Wilbour Monographs 6) ,(Brooklyn 1974).
76
__________,
77
Hieroglyphic Texts from Egyptian Stelae etc, in the British Museum, part I², (London 1962)
78
__________,
79
The Hekanakhte Papers and Other Early Middle Kingdom Documents, (New York, 1962).
80
Jones D. ,
81
An Index of Ancient Egyptian Titles, Epithets and Phrases of the Old Kingdom, 2Vols , (Oxford 2000).
82
Junker H.,
83
Gîza, III, (Leipzig. 1938)
84
Das System der ägyptischen Hieroglyphenschrift in der 0.-3. Dynastie, (Wiesbaden, 1994).
85
__________,
86
Fühägyptisches Wörterbuch ,( Wiesbaden,2002
87
Kaiser W., & Others,
88
‘Stadt und Tempel von Elephantine. 13./14. Grabungsbericht’, in: MDAIK, 43, (1987).
89
‘Le tombeau nouveau de Méîr (1913-1914)’, in: ASAE, 16, (1916).
90
Kanawati N.,
91
The Egyptian Administration in the Old kingdom, (Warminster 1977).
92
Kaplony P.,
93
‘Der Schreiber, das Gotteswort und diepapyruspfianze Mit neuen untersuchungen zum unter ägyptischen Königtum’, in: ZÄS , 110, (1983).
94
__________,,
95
Die Inschriften Der Ägyptischen Frühzeit , Band , I, (Wiesbaden, 1963).
96
__________,
97
Die Rollsiegel des Alten Reiches. II: Katalog der Rollsiegel, (Bruxelles, 1981).
98
Lacau P. et Lauer J.-PH.
99
La Pyramide á Degrés, Inscriptions á L'encre Sur les Vases, Tome V, (Cairo, 1965).
100
Manniche L.,
101
Lost Tombs. A Study of Certain Eighteenth Dynasty Monuments in the Theban Necropolis, (London 1988).
102
Mariètte A.,
103
Dendérah : description générale du grand temple, IV, (Paris ,1875).
104
Mariètte A.,
105
Les mastabas de l'Ancien Empire, (Paris, 1889).
106
Martin G.T.,
107
‘Private-Name Seals in the Alnwick Castle Collection’, in:MDAIK 35 (1979).
108
__________,
109
The Tomb of Hetepka and Other Reliefs and Inscriptions from the sacred Animal Necropolis, North Saqqara 1964-73, (London, 1979).
110
Maspero G.,
111
Études de mythologie et d'archèologie ègyptiennes, II, (Paris 1893-1916).
112
Meeks D. ,
113
, Annee Lexicographique Egypte Anceinne, 3tome, (Paris, 1980-1982).
114
Mercer S.A.B.,
115
The Pyramid texts, in translation and Commentary, ( London 1952).
116
Möller G.,
117
Hieratische Paläographie : die ägyptische Buchschrift in ihrer Entwicklung von der fünften Dynastie bis zur römischen Kaiserzeit, Bd.1 ,(Leipzig, 1909)
118
Montet P.,
119
Les Scènes de la vie privèe dans les tombeaux ègytiens de l'Ancien Empire, (Paris 1925).
120
Naville E.,
121
Das ägyptische Todtenbuch der XVIII. bis XX. Dynastie, (Beriln 1886).
122
Newberry P.E.,
123
Egyptian antiquities: scarabs; an introduction to the study of Egyptian seals and signet rings, (London 1906).
124
Petrie H.F. & Murray M.A.,
125
Seven Mempite chapels, (London 1952).
126
Pflüger K.,
127
‘The edict of king Haremhab’, in: JNES, 5, (1946).
128
Piacentini P.,
129
Les Scribes dans la Soiété égyptienne de l'Ancien Empire, Les Premiéres dynasties, Les nécropoles Memphies , Vol 1, (Paris ,2002).
130
Posener-kriéger P.,
131
Les archives du temple funéraire de Néferirkarê-Kakaï (Les papyrus d'Abousir). Traduction et commentaire, Vol II., (Le Caire 1976).
132
Die Ägyptischen Personennamen, Band I, (Glückstadt, 1935).
133
Altaegyptischen PyramidenTexte, vol II, (Leipzig, 1910)
134
Simpson W.K.,
135
The Mastabas of Qar and Idu. G 7101 and 7102. (Giza Mastabas 2), (Boston 1976).
136
Spencer A.J.,
137
, Early Egypt. The Rise of Civilization in the NileValley, Translated to Arabic by A. Aldali, review by T.Hindusa, (Cairo 1991).
138
Strudwick N.,
139
‘The Overseer of the Treasury Ny-kAw-PtH’, in RdE, 38, (1987).
140
__________,
141
Cylinder Seals of the Old kindom, (Oxford,1978).
142
__________,
143
The Administration of Egypt in old Kingdom, (London, 1985).
144
Vittmann G.,
145
Priester und Beamte im Theben der Spätzeit, (Wien,1978).
146
‘Old Kingdom sS a n nsw n xft-Hr, "Personal Scribe of Royal Records", and Middle Kingdom sS an nsw n xft-Hr, "Scribe of the Royal Tablet of the Court’, in: Or, 51, (1982).
147
__________,
148
Index of Egyptian Administrative and Religious Titles of the Middle Kingdom, (Beirut, 1982).
149
Wilkinson R.H.,
150
Reading Egyptian Art: A Hieroglyphic Guide to Ancient Egyptian Painting and Sculpture, (London 1994).
151
‘A Reconstruction of the Reliefs of Hesy-re’, in: JARCE, 15, (1978).
152
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Three Incomplete Limestone Stelae from Ihnasya el-Medina (Herakleopolis Magna)
This article deals with publication of three unpublished incomplete limestone stelae from Ihnasya El-Medina necropolis. The first stela was found in 2010, during work digging for a water-pipe project at the depth of five meters underground in front of El-Masharka district. The second and the third stelae were found by some thieves in the region of Ihnasya city. The police officers found two stelae and filed the report under the misdemeanor number 4083/Ihnasya 2009. These stelae were dedicated to the gods Osiris and Anubis; and are now preserved in Ihnasya El-Medina Magazine. Publishing these three stelae in one article due to that they are from one area, and it seems that they have the same type.
https://shedet.journals.ekb.eg/article_87828_e009cfa17b0615338b46f389172fe214.pdf
2017-12-01
51
66
10.21608/shedet.004.04
Limestone Stelae
Ihnasya el-Medina
Herakleopolis Magna
Incomplete Stelae
False door
Hayam H.
RAWASH
hhafez762@gmail.com
1
Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, Egypt
AUTHOR
Altenmüller H.,
1
'Das Ö1Magazin im Grab des Hesire', SAK 4 (1976).
2
__________,
3
'Anubis‘, in: LÄ I (1975), 327-333.
4
Anthes R.,
5
‘Die Felseninschriften von Hatnub’, in: K.Sethe (ed.), Untersuchungen zur Geschichteu.Altertamskunde Ӓgypten,herausgV.G.Steindorff.Bd.g., (Leipzig,1928).
6
Assmann J.,
7
Death and Salvation in Ancient Egypt, (London, 2005).
8
Badawy A.,
9
‘La stéle funéraire Égyptienne à Ouverture Axiale’, BIE 35 (1954).
10
Baly T.G.,
11
‘Notes on the ritual of opening the mouth’, JEA 16 (1930), 173-186
12
Aufbau und Bedeutung der Altägyptischen Opferformel, (München,1968).
13
‘Famille Royale et sous l’Ancien Empire Égyptien’, BdE 126 (1999).
14
Bierbrier M.L.,
15
The British Museum Hieroglyphic Texts from Egyptian Stelae ETC, Part 2 (Cambridge, 1987).
16
Blackman A.,
17
’The Rite of Opening the Mouth in Ancient Egypt and Babylon’, JEA 10 (1924), 47-59
18
Brunner H.,
19
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20
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
THE COINAGE OF AL-ANDALUS
This paper presents the evolution of Andalusi coins, from the first issues that appeared during the Islamic conquest of the Iberian Peninsula, continuing with the Umayyad issues of Al-Andalus (Emirate and Caliphate), the Ḥammūdid ones and those of 11th century Ṭāۥ ifas’ as well as the ones issued by Almoravid and Almohad dynasties, until the last ones, struck under the Naṣriddynasty of Granada. A comprehensive view on the evolution of these coins is offered from a new perspective, including the latest contributions to the knowledge we have on this subject and raising new hypotheses. This paper is an update in which the main characteristics of the Andalusi coins of each period framed in its historical context are explored: coin legends, epigraphical characteristics, metrology, etc.; elements that turn the coins into a symbol of power of the different political authorities that ruled Al-Andalus.
https://shedet.journals.ekb.eg/article_87829_4b1aefcbf0be7e09c877183df0d16b06.pdf
2017-12-01
68
90
10.21608/shedet.004.05
Al-Andalus
Umayyad
Cordoba
Ḥammūdid
Ṭāۥ ifa Kingdoms
Almoravids
Almohads
Naṣrid
Coinage
Granada
Almudena ARIZA
ARMADA
aa90@nyu.edu
1
Madrid Global Program, New York University, Spain
AUTHOR
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1
Ariza Armada (A.), “Leyendas monetales, iconografía y legitimación en el califato ḥammūdí. Las emisiones de ‘Alī b. Ḥammūd del año 408/1017 - 1018”, Al-Qanṭara XXV, 1, (2004), 203 – 231.
2
Ariza Armada (A.), “Monedas andalusíes de Málaga”, in Mālaqa, entre Malaca y Málaga, Málaga, (Universidad de Málaga, 2009), 105 – 127.
3
Ariza Armada (A.), “Iconografía y legitimación en el califato ḥammūdí. El símbolo del hexagrama”, Numisma254, (2010), 61-83.
4
Ariza Armada (A.), Estudio sobre las monedas de los Ḥammūdíes de al-Andalus (V/XI),2 vols., Madrid, 2010 (http://eprints.ucm.es/11196/).
5
Ariza Armada (A.), “La circulation de l’image du pouvoir: la monnaie”, in Ch. Mazzoli-Guintard avec la collaboration d’Almudena Ariza Armada, Gouverner en terre d’Islam Xe-XVe siècle, Rennes 2014, 267-304.
6
Ariza Armada (A.), “De la legitimidad ḥammūdí a la legitimidad almorávide: la moneda de taifas (siglo V/XI)”, Revista internacional Omni, Special Issue 1, Las monedas hispano-musulmanas, (2014), 115 – 132.
7
Ariza Armada (A.), “El millarés. Revisión historiográfica”, Revista Numismática Hécate, 1 (2014), 98-114.
8
Ariza Armada (A.), “Nueva tipología con hexagrama a nombre del califa ḥammūdí Idrīs [II] al-‘Ālī”, Numisma, 258 (2014), 207-210.
9
Ariza Armada (A.), De Barcelona a Orán. Las emisiones monetales a nombre de los califas ḥammūdíes de al-Andalus, Grenoble 2015.
10
Ariza Armada (A.), “Los dinares bilingües de al-Andalus y el Magreb”, Revista Numismática Hécate 3 (2016), 137-158.
11
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12
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13
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14
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15
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16
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19
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20
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21
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29
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43
Ibrāhīm (T.), “Los precintos de la conquista y el dominio Omeya de Hispania”, Manquso. Gacetilla de estudios epigráficos y numismáticos 4 (mayo), (2016), 7-37.
44
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48
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50
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51
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52
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53
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54
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55
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Rodríguez Lorente (J. J.), Numismática nasrí, Madrid 1983.
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Roux (C.), “Le premier monnayage musulman d’Occident: dinars et dirhems africains et andalous du VIIIe siècle”, in Actes du Congresso Luso-Brasileiro de Numismatica, Associação Numismática de Portugal, éd. F.A. Costa Port, (2000), 35-53.
61
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62
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65
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
COFFEE CUP HOLDERS “AẒRUF” MADE OF BRASS“AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ARTISTIC STUDY”
Cup holders (Aẓruf) were important utensils used for coffee in Egypt and other parts of the Islamic world especially during the 13th (AH) / 19th (AD) century. This paper aims to study seven brass cup holders (aẓruf) from Al-Ashmunein storehouse in Mallawi town - Minia governorate - Egypt. These cup holders were not previously published; this is the first time they will be studied and published. This study includes a discussion of the term (ẓarf) and an explanation of the relationship between this term generally used in the past and the term (ẓarf), which means a cup holder. This study highlights design, motifs, and some functional and aesthetic values of these cup holders. Through some archaeological, historical and cultural evidence, this study will date these cup holders (aẓruf) and determine their provenance.
https://shedet.journals.ekb.eg/article_87830_dda317effb18aa3f305cef61b1bafbdd.pdf
2017-12-01
91
102
10.21608/shedet.004.06
Cup holder
Ẓarf
Utensils
design
Decoration
Ayman M.
EDRIS
ame00@fayoum.edu.eg
1
Islamic Archaeology Dep., Faculty of Archaeology, Fayoum University, Egypt
AUTHOR
ʿAbd Al-Ḥafīẓ (M.), Ashghāl al-Maʿādin fī al-Qāhira al-ʿOthmāniyya fī Ḍawʾ Majmūʿāt Matāḥif al-Qāhira wa-ʿamāʾiraha al-ʾAthariyya, Master Thesis, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, 1995.
1
ʾAbū-Shāl (N.), Al-Mabkhara fī Misr al-ʾIslāmiyya Dirāsa Ḥaḍāriyya wa-ʾathariyya, Master Thesis, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, 1984.
2
AL-Bāshā (Ḥ.), “Dirāsāt fī al-Zakhrafa al-ʾIslāmiyya”, in Mawsūʿat al-ʿImāra wal-ʾāthār wal-Funūn al-ʾislāmiya,4 vols., Lebanon, 1999.
3
Al-Faramāwī (ʿE.), Buyūt al-Qahwa wa-ʾAdawātuha fī Misr min al-Qarn 10 al-Hijrī: 16 al-Mīlādī wa-ḥatta Nihāyat al-Qarn 13 al-Hijrī: 19 al-Mīlādī dirāsa ʾAthariyya Ḥaḍāriyya, Master Thesis, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, 1998.
4
Al-Ḥārithī (N.), Tuḥaf al-ʾawāni wa al-ʾadawāt al-maʿdaniya fī al-ʿAsr al-ʿOthmāni (dirāsa fanniyya ḥaḍāriyya), PhD Dissertation, Faculty of Sharia and Islamic Studies, University of Umm Al-Qura, 1989.
5
al-Maqrīzī, (Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ‘Alī), al-Mawa’iz wa-l-i‘tibār fī dhikr al-khiṭat wa-l-athār, Ayman Fuʼād Sayyid (ed.), 6 vols. London: Al-Furqan Islamic Heritage Foundation, 2002.
6
Al-Nawawī (Abū Zakariya Moḥyi al-Dein bin Sharaf), Al-Majmūʿ sharḥal-muḥadhab lil-Shīrāzī, 23 vols, Saudi Arabia.
7
Al-Qazwīnī (Zakariyya bin Moḥammad bin Maḥmūd), Āthār al-Bilād wa-Akhbār al-ʿibād, Lebanon.
8
Al-Shāyiʿ (N.),Moʿjam Lughat Dawāwīn Shuʿarāʾ al-Muʿalaqāt al-ʿAshr: Taʾṣīlan wa-Delālatan wa-Ṣarfan, Lebanon, 1993.
9
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10
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11
Chabrol (G.), “Dirāsa fī ʿĀdāt wa-Taqālīd Sukkān Misr al-Muḥdathīn”, in Mawsūʿat Waṣf Misr I, Cairo, 1992, 19-301.
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15
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Ḥasan (Z.), Al-Funūn al-ʾĪrāniyya fī al-ʿAsr al-ʾIslāmī, Cairo, 1940.
17
Ḥasan (Z.), Aṭlas al-Funūn al-Zukhrofiyya wal-Taṣāwīr al-ʾIslāmiyya, Amman, Lebanon.
18
Ibn Manẓūr (Muḥammad bin Mukarram), Lisān al-ʿArab, 15 vols., Lebanon.
19
Ibn Sīdah (Abū Al-Hasan ʿAlī bin ʼIsmāʻīl), Al-Mukhaṣṣaṣ, 5 vols., Lebanon, 1996.
20
Lane (E.),The Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians, London - New York, 1908.
21
Marzūq (M.), Al-Funūn al-Zukhrofiyya al-ʾIslāmiyya fī al-ʿAsr al-ʿOthmāni, Cairo, 1987.
22
Meṣelḥī (S.), ʾAdawāt wa-ʾAwānī al-Matbakh al-Maʿdaniya fī al-ʿAsr al-Mamlūkī Dirāsa ʾAthariyya Fanniyya, PHD, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, 1983.
23
Murād (Y.),Moʿjam ʾAsmāʾ al-Mustashriqīn, Lebanon, 2004.
24
Ramaḍān (N.), “Ludwig Deutsch wal-Qahīra,” Majallat al-Qāfila 6 (2014), Dhahran, 68- 69.
25
Shāfeʿī (F.), “Mumayyizāt al-ʾakhshāb al-muzakhrafa fī al-ṭirāzayn al-ʾabbāsī wal-fāṭimī fī misr”, Majallat Kulliyyat al-Ādāb Jamiʿat al-Qāhira 16 (1954), Cairo.
26
Sulaymān (A.), Tʾṣīl mā Warada fī Tārīkh al-Gabartī min al-Dakhīl, Cairo.
27
Kanz al-Fawāʾid fī Tanwīʿ al-Mawāʾid, Lebanon, 1993.
28
Zanātī (A.),Moʿjam Muṣṭalaḥāt al-Tārīkh wal-Ḥaḍāra al-ʾIslāmiya, Amman, 2011.
29
https://www.arageek.com/art/2015/11/04/great-egyptian-architect-portrations.html
30
https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/532339618434822588/
31
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A RARE PERSIAN PORTRAIT RUG “DATING & ANALYSIS”
Τhis paper publishes and analyzes a Persian portrait rug. This rug is preserved in Store of Islamic Antiquities, Fayoum, Egypt, and register number 288. The problem of the study is that the carpet does not have a date. Therefore, the study depends on the analytical method in studying the writings and decorations and also studying the industrial technique of this rug to date it. This rug is from the second half of 19th century during the era of Nasser Al-Din Shah. The name written down on the rug reads “ĀrajIbnFīrwn" the son of Ādhārbāydjān ruler. Probably, the title ShahīnShah in the ‘Āraj portrait honoring himself inside the court of Ādhārbāydjān ruler or that the title is specific to Naṣir al-din Shaha contemporary to this Prince.
https://shedet.journals.ekb.eg/article_87831_b25c17a88df3e40c7ef72ca25b5e98e0.pdf
2017-12-01
103
114
10.21608/shedet.004.07
Rug - Persian- Portrait - Wool - Cotton- knot
Qajarī
Hamada
THABET
htm00@fayoum.edu.eg
1
Department of Islamic Archaeology, Faculty of Archaeology, Fayoum University, Egypt
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ramy
Mohsen
ramy_elmrakby@yahoo.com
2
Archaeologist, Egyptian Ministry of Antiquities
AUTHOR
Abu al-Hamad (Farghali), al-funūn al- zukhrūfāia fi aʿsr al- ṣafawīn bī Iran (in Arabic= Islamic decorative arts in Ṣafavīd era in Iran), 1st ed, Madbūli print house, Cairo, 2003.Abbas (Amanat), The Kayanid Crown and Qajar Reclaiming of Royal Authority, Iranian Studies34 (2001).
1
Ali (Behdad), The Power-ful Art of Qajar Photography, Orientalism and (Self)-Orientalizing in Nineteenth-Century Iran, Iranian Studies, Vol. 34 (2001).
2
Ehabe (Mahmoud), Al-musaūr al-Qajarī abū al-hasan Khan II Ghaʿfarī "ṣanīʿ aL-Mulak" wa aʿmalah al-fanīa (in Arabic= Qajarī painter , Abu al-Hassan Khan II Ghefari " Sanie Almulk "and his artistic works–an archaeological & artistic study "1228 – 1812A.H /1282 – 1866 A.D"), Ph.D. Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, 2014.
3
Ehabe Mahmoud, saūar al-salaṭīn wa al-aūmaraʾ wa rāgal al-daūla fi al-madrasa al-Qajarī dīrasa atharīa fanīa (in Arabic= Portraits of sultans, princes and Officials in Qagārī school – an archaeological & artistic study), Thesis, Faculty of archaeology. Cairo University, 2011.
4
Formenton (Fabio), Oriental rugs and carpets, Hamlyn, 1 st ed, London, 1974.
5
Hawley (Walter), Oriental Rugs “antique and modern”, New York, 1970.
6
Iman (Yassin), al-taʾthīrat al- ūrūbīa aʿla al-funūn al-islamīa al-iranīa khlal al-aʿsr al-Qajarī 1193 - 1343 AH / 1779 - 1925 AD(in Arabic= European influences on Iranian Islamic arts during Qajarī era “1193 – 1343 A.H/1779 – 1925A.D’), Thesis, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo, 2008.
7
Isabel (Miller), Some Iranian and Afghan Portraits in the Public Record Office, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 8(1998).
8
Islamic Republic of Iran Iranian Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization “ICHHTO”, Nomination of Golestan Palace For Inscription on the world heritage list, Executive Summary, World Heritage Convention Tehran, 2012.
9
Jennifer (Scarce), Entertainments East and West: Three Encounters between Iranians and Europeans during the Qajar Period (1786-1925), Iranian Studies, Vol.40 (2007).
10
Lane (pool), Catalogue of Persian Coins in the Br.M.Londres, Londone, 1887.
11
Latifeh Hagigi, QajarRoyal Succeesion, The case of Muzaffar Al-din Mirza, PhD, faculty of The University of Utah, 2012, p.76.
12
Layla (Diba), A Monumental Battle Painting of the Perso-Russian Wars, Artibus Asiae 66 (2006).
13
Leonard (Helfgott), Carpet Collecting in Iran,1873-1883,Robert Murdoch Smith and the Formation of the Modern Persian Carpet industry, Muqarnas2(1999), p.175.
14
Mahdi (Klgan), rihalat Nasir al-din shah al-Qajarī āla bīlad al- āfrang dirasa moQarna (in Arabic= Travels of Naser Al-Din Shah Qajarī to European countries, comparative study(, Thaqafatna for studies & researches,Cairo, vol.26, 2010.
15
MahshId (Modares), QagārPainting in The second half of the nineteenth century and Realism, Thesis, The faculty of The Department of art and humanities, San Jose State University, 2006, p.33.
16
Mohamed (Abdel-Salam), al-sajad al-maghūlī al-hindī fi tūʾ al-tuhaf al-taḍbīgia wa saūar al-makhṭūtat(in Arabic= Mughal Indian carpet on the light of Applied masterpieces and manuscripts miniatures - An archaeological & artistic comparative study), Thesis, Faculty of Arts, Helwan University. 2013.
17
Rabia (Khalifa), Fan a-lsaūar al-Shakhsāa fi madrasāt al-ṭasūir al- ūthmanī (in Arabic= Art of portrait in Ottoman school painting), 1 st ed, Zahraa Al Sharq, Cairo, 2003.
18
Rehab (Mohammed), Al-tūhaf al-iranīa al-mūzakhrafa bī al-laqa fi tūʾ majmūʿat mathaf rāṭa abasī biṭahran (in Arabic= Iranian masterpieces decorated in Laky " lacquered " on light of a new collection in Museum of Rida Abbas in Tehran – a comparative artistic study), Ph.D., Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, 2013.
19
Rinhart (Dozy), a-lmuaʿgam al-mufasal bāasmaʾ al-malabis aʿnd al-arab (in Arabic= detailed glossary of names clothing when Arabs), Translated Akram Fadail , dar Al-Horia , Begdad, 1971.
20
Robinson , A Royal Qajar Enamel, Iran, Vol. 10 (1972).
21
Robinson, Qajar Lacquer, Muqarnas, Vol. 6(1989).
22
Salah (Al-Sharif), sajad al-sharq (in Arabic= carpet of East), Publications of Ministry of Culture in the Republic of Syria, Damascus, 1966.
23
Somia (Ibrahym), al-Madrassa al-Qagārī fi al-ṭaswīr al-ĀslamĪ drasa ĀtharĪa fanĪa (in Arabic= Qagārī school of Islamic Painting – An archaeological & artistic study, Thesis, Faculty of archaeology, Cairo University, 1977.
24
Walker (Daniels), Oriental Rugs of the Hajji babas, New York, 1983.
25
Zaki (Hassan), al-funūn al-iranīa fi al-aʿsr al-islamīa (in Arabic= Iranian Arts in Islamic era), Dar Elkoto Al-Masria, Cairo, 1940.
26
2. Abbas (Iqbal), Tarīkh iran baʿd al-Āslamīmīn bidāyt aldaūla al-ṭahīrāia hatā nahāiat al-daūla al-Qajaraī (in Arabic= History of Iran after Islam since the beginning of Tahiria state till the end of Qagārī dynasty "205 A.H /820 A.H – 1343 A.D /1925 A.D"), Translated by Mohamed Alaa Al-din Mansour, Revised by Al-Sābaī Mohamed Al- Sābaī, Dar al-Thaqafa Print house , Cairo, 1990.
27
1. Abu al-Hamad (Farghali), al-funūn al- zukhrūfāia fi aʿsr al- ṣafawīn bī Iran (in Arabic= Islamic decorative arts in Ṣafavīd era in Iran), 1st ed, Madbūli print house, Cairo, 2003.Abbas (Amanat), The Kayanid Crown and Qajar Reclaiming of Royal Authority, Iranian Studies34 (2001).
28
2. Abbas (Iqbal),Tarīkh iran baʿd al-Āslamīmīn bidāyt aldaūla al-ṭahīrāia hatā nahāiat al-daūla al-Qajaraī (in Arabic= History of Iran after Islam since the beginning of Tahiria state till the end of Qagārī dynasty "205 A.H /820 A.H – 1343 A.D /1925 A.D"), Translated by Mohamed Alaa Al-din Mansour, Revised by Al-SābaīMohamed Al- Sābaī, Dar al-Thaqafa Print house , Cairo, 1990.
29
3. Ali (Behdad), The Power-ful Art of QajarPhotography, Orientalism and (Self)-Orientalizing in Nineteenth-Century Iran, Iranian Studies, Vol. 34 (2001).
30
4. Ehabe (Mahmoud), Al-musaūr al-Qajarī abū al-hasan Khan II Ghaʿfarī "ṣanīʿ aL-Mulak" wa aʿmalah al-fanīa (in Arabic= Qajarī painter , Abu al-Hassan Khan II Ghefari " Sanie Almulk "and his artistic works–an archaeological & artistic study "1228 – 1812A.H /1282 – 1866 A.D"), Ph.D. Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, 2014.
31
5. Ehabe Mahmoud, saūar al-salaṭīn wa al-aūmaraʾ wa rāgal al-daūla fi al-madrasa al-Qajarī dīrasa atharīa fanīa (in Arabic= Portraits of sultans, princes and Officials in Qagārī school – an archaeological & artistic study), Thesis, Faculty of archaeology. Cairo University, 2011.
32
6. Formenton (Fabio), Oriental rugs and carpets, Hamlyn, 1st ed, London, 1974.
33
7. Hawley (Walter), OrientalRugs “antique and modern”, New York, 1970.
34
8. Iman (Yassin), al-taʾthīrat al-ūrūbīa aʿla al-funūn al-islamīa al-iranīa khlal al-aʿsr al-Qajarī 1193 - 1343 AH / 1779 - 1925 AD(in Arabic= European influences on Iranian Islamic arts during Qajarī era “1193 – 1343 A.H/1779 – 1925A.D’), Thesis, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo, 2008.
35
9. Isabel (Miller), Some Iranian and Afghan Portraits in the Public Record Office, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, Vol. 8(1998).
36
10. Islamic Republic of IranIranian Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization “ICHHTO”, Nomination ofGolestan PalaceFor Inscription on the world heritage list, Executive Summary, World Heritage Convention Tehran, 2012.
37
11. Jennifer (Scarce), Entertainments East and West: Three Encounters between Iranians and Europeans during the QajarPeriod (1786-1925), Iranian Studies, Vol.40 (2007).
38
12. Lane (pool), Catalogue of Persian Coins in the Br.M.Londres, Londone, 1887.
39
13. Latifeh Hagigi, QajarRoyal Succeesion, The case of Muzaffar Al-din Mirza, PhD, faculty of The University of Utah, 2012, p.76.
40
14. Layla (Diba), AMonumental Battle Painting of the Perso-Russian Wars, ArtibusAsiae 66 (2006).
41
15. Leonard (Helfgott), Carpet Collecting in Iran,1873-1883,Robert Murdoch Smith and the Formation of the Modern Persian Carpet industry, Muqarnas2(1999), p.175.
42
16. Mahdi (Klgan), rihalat Nasir al-din shah al-Qajarī āla bīlad al- āfrang dirasa moQarna (in Arabic= Travels of Naser Al-Din Shah Qajarī to European countries, comparative study(, Thaqafatna for studies & researches,Cairo, vol.26, 2010.
43
17. MahshId (Modares),QagārPainting in The second half of the nineteenth century and Realism, Thesis, The faculty of The Department of art and humanities, San Jose State University, 2006, p.33.
44
18. Mohamed (Abdel-Salam), al-sajad al-maghūlī al-hindī fi tūʾ al-tuhaf al-taḍbīgia wa saūar al-makhṭūtat(in Arabic= Mughal Indian carpet on the light of Applied masterpieces and manuscripts miniatures - An archaeological & artistic comparative study), Thesis, Faculty of Arts, Helwan University. 2013.
45
19. Rabia (Khalifa), Fan a-lsaūar al-Shakhsāa fi madrasāt al-ṭasūir al- ūthmanī (in Arabic= Art of portrait in Ottoman school painting), 1st ed, Zahraa Al Sharq, Cairo, 2003.
46
20. Rehab (Mohammed), Al-tūhaf al-iranīa al-mūzakhrafa bī al-laqa fi tūʾ majmūʿat mathaf rāṭa abasī biṭahran (in Arabic= Iranian masterpieces decorated in Laky " lacquered " on light of a new collection in Museum of Rida Abbas in Tehran – a comparative artistic study), Ph.D., Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, 2013.
47
21. Rinhart (Dozy), a-lmuaʿgam al-mufasal bāasmaʾ al-malabis aʿnd al-arab (in Arabic= detailed glossary of names clothing when Arabs), Translated Akram Fadail , dar Al-Horia , Begdad, 1971.
48
22. Robinson , A Royal QajarEnamel, Iran, Vol. 10 (1972).
49
23. Robinson, Qajar Lacquer, Muqarnas, Vol. 6(1989).
50
24. Salah (Al-Sharif), sajad al-sharq (in Arabic= carpet of East), Publications of Ministry of Culture in the Republic of Syria, Damascus, 1966.
51
25. Somia (Ibrahym), al-Madrassa al-Qagārīfi al-ṭaswīr al-ĀslamĪ drasa ĀtharĪa fanĪa (in Arabic= Qagārī school of Islamic Painting – An archaeological & artistic study, Thesis, Faculty of archaeology, Cairo University, 1977.
52
26. Walker (Daniels), Oriental Rugs of the Hajji babas, New York, 1983.
53
27. Zaki (Hassan), al-funūn al-iranīa fi al-aʿsr al-islamīa (in Arabic= Iranian Arts in Islamic era), Dar Elkoto Al-Masria, Cairo, 1940.
54
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Tirnovo (since 1965 “VelikoTărnovo”) From Medieval Bulgarian Capital to Turkish Islamic Cultural Centre. A general overview
Veliko Tărnovo, the former historical city of Tirnovo, today is the capital of a province (Okrăg) in N.E. Bulgaria. Tirnovo is located on the Yantra River and is famously known as the historical capital of the Second Bulgarian Empire. The subject matter research is exploring the history, art and architecture of Tirnovo through ages; and specifically during the Ottoman times (1393-1878), when became an Islamic cultural centre. Tirnovo grew quickly, between the 12th and 14th centuries, to become the strongest Bulgarian fortification of the Middle Ages, and the most important political, economic, cultural and religious centre of the Second Bulgarian Empire. In the 14th century, as the Byzantine Empire weakened, Tirnovo claimed to be the “Third Rome”, based on its influential cultural aspect in Eastern Europe. This paper discusses the development of population, architecture and cultural of Tirnovo in Ottoman times. It was a flourished centre of Islamic culture, with considerable examples of almost all known types of ottoman buildings.
https://shedet.journals.ekb.eg/article_87833_46324ca7254a69a9f6fa2d714c318e71.pdf
2017-12-01
115
131
10.21608/shedet.004.08
Tirnovo
Veliko Tărnovo
Bulgaria
Ottoman
Turkish
Balkan
Islamic
Machiel
KIEL
machiel.kiel@googlemail.com
1
Emeritus Professor of Islamic Architecture and Civilization, Senior Fellow of the Netherlands Institute in Turkey (NIT)
AUTHOR
Sofia, National Library, Oriental Department, O.A.K. 13/60.
1
Sofia, National Library, Oriental Department, O.A.K. 217/8.
2
İstanbul, Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi (=B.O.A) Mühimme Defter No 6.
3
Aksinia (Džurova), 1000 Godini Bălgarska răkopisna kniga, Ornament i Miniatyura, Sofia (Izd. Septemvri) 1981.
4
Bistra (Cvetkova), “Sur le sort de Tărnovo”, in: Byzantino-Bulgarica II, Sofia 19XX.
5
Bistra A. Cvetkova – A. Razbojnikov (eds.) Izvori za Bâlgarskata Istoriya, III, Sofia (B.A.N.) 1972.
6
Constantin (Jireček), Das Fürstenthum Bulgarien. Seine Bodengestaltung, Natur, Bevölkerung, Wirthschaftliche Zustände, geistige Cultur, Staatsverfassung, Staatsverwaltung und neueste Geschichte. (Bulgaria). Tempsky, Freytag,, Prag, Wien, Leipzig 1891.
7
Djurdje (Bošković), Arhitektura Srednjeg Veka. Beograd 1967.
8
Ekrem Hakkı (Ayverdi), Osmanlı Mimarî sinde Fatih Devri, III, 2. Baskı, Istanbul 1989.
9
Emil (Turdeanu), La litterature bulgare du XIVe siècle et sa diffusion dans les pays roumains. Paris 1947.
10
Eusebius (Fermendžiu), Acta Bulgariae Ecclesiastica ab A. 1565 ad A. 1799, Zagrabiae (Academia Scientiarum et Artium Slavorum Medianalium) 1887.
11
Evgeni (Dermendžiev), “Dvortsovata banya na tărnovskite tsare”, in: Izvestiya na Regionalen IstoričeskoMuzej-VelikoTărnovo XXII, 2007.
12
Evgeni (Dermendžiev), “Novoodkrita banya južno ot tsrkvata Sv. 40 Mučenitsa văv Veliko Tărnovo”, in: Stanislav Stanev, i al.(eds.) Izslevaniya v čest na Stefan Boyadžiev, Studies in honour of Stefan Boyadžiev, Sofia, B.A.N. 2011, pp. 77- 100.
13
Halil (İnalcık) – Mevlûd (Oğuz), Gazavât-ı Sultân Murâd b. Mehemmed Hân: İzladi ve Varna (1443-1444) üzerinde anonim gazavâtnâme, Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 1978.
14
Herma M. van den (Berg), “Friesland”. Groningen. Drente (Kunstreisboek voor Nederland. dl. 2.). Unknown Binding 1958.
15
İbnülemin Mahmud (İnal), Son Asır Türk Şairları, vol I, İstanbul: Devlet Kitapları 1969.
16
17. Iliya (Zajčev), “Dva Arapski rukopisi is Tărnovo v Moskovskih Sobraniyah,” in: Obustovane s Istoku/Exchanges avec l'Orient, Mélanges offert à Stoyanka Kenderova, Rumen Kovačev – Boryana Hristova (eds.), Sofia (Nat. Library) 2007, pp. 420-423.
17
Josiah Cox. Russell, “Die Bevölkerung Europas 500-1500”, in: Carlo M. Cipolla – Knud Borchardt, Bevölkerungsgeschichte Europas. München 1971, pp. 9-57.
18
K. Škorpil, “Plan na starata bălgarska stolitsa V.Tărnovo”, in: Izvestiya na Bălgarskoto Arheologičesko Družestva, I, Sofia 1910.
19
Konstantin (Dočev), Moneti i obrăštenie v Tărnovo XII-XIV v. Veliko Tărnovo “Vital” 1992.
20
Krasimira (Mutafova, “Središte na Islamskiya Mistitsizăm v Starata Stolitsa Tărnovo”, in: Mjusjulmanskata Kultura po Bălgarskite Zemi, Sofia 1999, pp. 409 -450.
21
Krăstju (Mijatev), Die Mittelalterliche Baukunst in Bulgarien. Sofia (BAN) 1974.
22
Leon (Çika) – Ylli (Drishti), The Icons of Berat, Tirana 2009.
23
Machiel (Kiel), “Zur Gründung und Frühgeschichte der Stadt Trjavna in Bulgarien. Unbenützte osmanische administrative Quellen aus den Archiven in Ankara, İstanbul und Sofia über Gründung und Entwicklung Trjavnas 1565-1700.“ In: Münchner Zeitschrift für Balkankunde, 7-8, (991), pp. 191-218.
24
Murk Daniël (Ozinga), Kunstreisboek voor Nederland. chapter Groningen, Amsterdam 1954, pp. 79-115.
25
Rogers J. (Mols), Introduction a la Démographie historique des villes d'Europe. Louvain 1955 (three volumes classic).
26
Sedat (Bayrakal), Edirne'deki tek kubbeli camiler, Ankara (T.C. Kültür Bakanlığı) 2001.
27
Stefka (Părveva), “Zaviyeto Kavak Baba i čărkvata Sv. Četiridešet Măčenitsi”. in: Mjusjulmanskata Kultura po Bălgarskite Zemi, Sofia 1999, pp. 324 -408.
28
Strašimir (Dimitrov), “Za datirovka na njakoj osmanski registri ot XV vek”, in: Izvestiya na Bălgarskoto Istoričesko Družestvo, Knj. XXVI, 1968.
29
Svetlin (Bosilkov), Tărnovo, gradăt i negovoto izkusstvo. Sofia 1960. (with survey of medieval history and rich documentation on the preserved monuments). Also: Svetlin (Bosilkov), Tarnovo, Die Stadt und ihre Kunst. Sofia 1960.
30
T.D.E. Ansikl. Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Ansiklopedisi, III, İstanbul: Dergah Yayınları 1979.
31
Žečo (Čankov), Geografski Rečnik na Bălgariya, Sofia 1939.
32
Zladka (Genova), “Ošte vednăž za tsărkvata Sv. Četirideset Măčenitsi i nejnata sădba prez stoletiyata na Osmansko vladičestvo”, in: Rossitsa Gradeva (ed.) Mjusjulmanskata Kultura po Bălgarskite Zemi, Sofia 1999, pp. 451 -458. 28. Slobodan (Ćurčić), Architecture in the Balkans: From Diocletian to Süleyman the Magnificent. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2010.
33
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Betel box (Pandan) from Mughal Era in India Preserved at National Museum of New Delhi “Comparative Artistic Study&First Published”
The subject matter research is a metal masterpiece published for the first time. Betel Boxes, or Pandan, are unique metal boxes made for preserving a mixture of betel leaves with other additives like areca, tobacco and nuts. The box being analyzed here, preserved at the National Museum of New Delhi in India, is one of many metal boxes that were common in the Mughal era, and many of these boxes are now found in various international museums and private collections. This metal box is particularly intriguing to study because this will be the first published study, there is a lack of scientific studies dealing with this types of boxes in general, and to have an overall understanding of the industrial and decorative techniques used in making these boxes in contrast to other metal boxes with similar functions. Four aspects of this particular betel box will be the focus of this study; first, its description, second, defining the term Pandan or Betel in light of its function, third, the craftsmanship /aesthetic, and fourth, a comparative study with other similar metal boxes preserved in international museums.
https://shedet.journals.ekb.eg/article_87835_de63920b7afca54a9bdbb210fafb0d3f.pdf
2017-12-01
132
153
10.21608/shedet.004.09
Pandan
Mughal
box
silver
brass
enamel
Sameh
EL-BANNA
drsameh1@hotmail.com
1
Archaeology Dep., Faculty of Arts, Assiut University, Egypt,
AUTHOR
al-Hamadhānī (Abī Muḥammad al-Ḥassan), kitāb al-jawharataīyn al-ʿatīqataīyn al-māʾʿataīyn min al-Ṣafrā’ w al-Baydāʾ al-Dhahab w al-Fiḍā, Ahmed Fouad (ed.), Cairo: Dār al-Kutub w al-Wathā'iq al-Qawmīyah, 2009.
1
al-Ḥārithī (N.),Tūḥaf al-āwāniy w al-adwāt al-Madinīyah fi al-ʿaṣr al-ʿuthmanī "Dirāsah fanīyahḥadarīyah", PhD dissertation, Department of Historical and Cultural Studies, Umm Al-Qurā University, Saudi Arabia 1989.
2
al-Jabūrī (M.), “Jamālyāt al-khaṭ w al-zakhrafah al-ʿarabīyah,” Al-Mawrid Magazine, no.2, April 1980, pp.54-66.
3
al-Shayal (G.), Tarīkh al-Abaṭāra al-Maghūl, religious cultural Library 2001.
4
Batur (S.),Tombak Ustune Bir Arastirma,Istanbul 1984.
5
Bing (J.), Islamic Works Of Art, Carpets And Textiels, London 1988.
6
Coomaraswamy (A. K), “Rajput Paintings,” The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs, Vol. 20, No. 108 (Mar., 1912), pp. 314-319+322-325.
7
Dāwud (M.), Al-Kitābāt al-ʿarābīyah ʿala al-ʿathar al-islāmīyah min al-qarn al-ʾawal ḥatā awākhir al-qarn 12th ,Cairo: maktabt al-nahḍah al-masrīyah, 1991.
8
Dimand (M.S.), Al-Funūn al-Islamīyah, Translated by Ahmed Eissa, Intro. Ahmed Fekry, Cairo: dār al-maʿarif, second edition 1982.
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62
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
THE MORTAR DAMAGE AND ITS HARMFUL EFFECTS ON THE GLAZED CERAMIC TILES IN TERBANA MOSQUE – ALEXANDRIA, EGYPT
This research discusses the damaging factors of the mortar used to affix the glazed ceramic tiles on the walls of Terbana mosque (built in 1685, Ottoman period) in Alexandria, Egypt, and the extension of the damaged impact to the ceramic tiles. This famous, and particularly outstanding mosque with several suspended shops below it, is built in the Delta architectural style, with walls made of limestone blocks and a little red and black adobe for decorative work, a wooden roof and glazed ceramic tiles, with plants and geometric ornaments, adorn parts of the mosque walls. Salt content in the weather of Alexandria is relatively high; this salt is the largest contributor to the deterioration factor of Terbana mosque with varying degrees of deterioration. Impacts come in different forms; salts caused disintegration of the mortar into soft powder in some places and then pushed the outer surface of the limestone and brickwork. Where tiles have been installed in a building near the sea, they would be subject to degrees of salt deterioration, making it very difficult to prevent deterioration of the tiles or to the walls. Results from analytic methods such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), reveal a high percent of crystallized salts of sodium chloride NaCl (Halite) in the fixed mortar, in the body of the tiles, and in the glaze layer on the tiles surfaces. Proposed solutions to mitigate the salts deterioration are provided.
https://shedet.journals.ekb.eg/article_87836_75dc08ca1a3c9c8300efe6e300a0c4ee.pdf
2017-12-01
155
166
10.21608/shedet.004.10
Terbana Mosque
Salt Tolerances
Delta Style
Sustain Cracks
The Grout
Affix
Reflective Cracking
waterproof mortar
Elshaimaa
ABD-ELRAHIM
elshaimaa76@yahoo.com
1
Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University/ Egypt
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ibrahim
WESHAHY
ibrahim.weshahy@yahoo.com
2
AUTHOR
1 Abd-Elrhim (El-Shaīmāʾ), Dirāsah taḥlīlīyah muqārnah fī taḥdīd ʾasbāb w mazāhir talaf al-mukawnāt al-mukhtalifah lilʾiksāʾāt al-khazfīyah fī al-qibāb w al-judrān al-atharīyah w taṭbīqāt al-ʿilāj w al-ṣīānah fī baʿḍ al-munshʾāt al-atharīyah al-islamīyah bil-Qāhirah, PhD., Restoration Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, 2010.
1
2 Al-Jazāīrlī (Yosef), Mawsuwʿat al-Jazāīrlī liʾasmāʾ shawāriʿ al-Iskandarīyah, Center of Alexandria Studies and the Mediterranean culture, Library of Alexandria, part 2, 2011.
2
3 Biczok (Imre), Concrete Corrosion and Concrete Protection, Publishing House of the Hungarian Academy of Science, Budapest, 1964.
3
4 Buys (Susan), The Conservation & Restoration of Ceramic, Victoria & Albert Museum, London, IFAO Bibliotheque , 1996.
4
5 Byrne (Michael), Setting Tile, Taunton Press, Inc., U.S.A., 1995.
5
6 Duqmāq,(Ahmed), Mαsājid al-Iskandarīyah al-bāqīyah fī al-qarnīiīn al-thānī ʿashar w al-thālith ʿashar baʿd al-hijrah,MA., Department of Islamic Antiquities, Faculty of Archeology, Cairo University, 1994.
6
7 Durbin (Lesley), Architectural Tiles, Conservation & Restoration, Elsever, Butter worth, Heinemann, 2005.
7
8 Feilden (Bernard), Conservation of Historic buildings, Technical studies in the Arts, Archeology and Architecture, Butter Worth Co. (Publishers) Ltd, England, 1982.
8
9 Hamilton) Donny), Methods of Conserving Archaeological Material from Underwater Sites, Conservation Research Laboratory - Center for Maritime Archaeology and Conservation Texas A&M University, Revision Number 1, January 1, 1999.
9
10 Ḥemeda (Sayed), Al-taqwīm al-ʿlmī limīkanīkīat al-tshwīh al-milḥī w ʾahm maṣadirha fī al-bīiʾah al-atharīyah al-misrīyah w taʾthīriha ʿalā al-ahjār al-jīrīyah w al-ramlīyah al-mustakhdamah fī al-munshāʾt al-atharīyah mawḍwuʿ al-baḥth w ʾahm ṭuruq al-ʿilaj w al-ṣīanah, MA., Restoration Department, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, 2003.
10
11 Jaime (Villaverde), Use of clay/β-cyclodextrin formulations to obtain a slow release of a hydrophobic herbicide, Environmental Bulletin, Vol.17, no. 12b , 2008, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (CSIC). Sevilla, Spai.
11
12 Maarleveld (Thijs), and others, Manual for Activities directed at Underwater Cultural Heritage, Guidelines to the Annex of the UNESCO 2001 Convention, © UNESCO 2013, published in 2013 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
12
13 Mirti (Piero), Statistics applied to analysis of ceramics, Euro-Med course on materials & technologies for the conservation of cultural heritage consisting of ceramic, Perugia, Sep.28th - Oct.4th, 2000.
13
14 Odegaard (Nancy), Evaluation of Conservation and Preservation Practices in a Southwest Pottery Collection, Institution/Organization: University of Arizona, Arizona State Museum, January 28, 2009.
14
15 Pessoa (Costa), and others, Removal and analysis of soluble salts from Ancient tiles, in: studies in conservation, Vol. 41 (3), 1996.
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16 Pearson (Colin), Deterioration of Ceramics, Glass and Stone. In Conservation of Marine Archaeological Objects, Butter Worth, London, 1987.
16
17 Porter (Venetia), Islamic Tiles, British Museum Press, 1999.
17
18 Rice (Prudence), Recent Ceramic analysis: 1. Function, style, and origins. Journal of Archaeological Research, (1996) -4.
18
19 Rhodes (Daniel), Clay and glazes for the potter, Chilton Book Company, Pennsylvania, London, 1996.
19
20 The Conserve O Gram, Preservation of Low-Fired Ceramic Objects, series is published as a reference on collections management & curatorial issues. NPS Museum management program, Washington, September, 2002, Number 8/3.
20
21 Tykot (R.H.), Scientific methods and applications to archaeological provenance studies, Department of Anthropology, University of South Florida - Tampa, FL 33620, USA - Proceedings of the International School of Physics “Enrico Fermi”, Course CLIV, M. Martini, M. Milazzo and M. Piacentini (Eds.), IOS Press, Amsterdam 2004.
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22 Zhang (Liying), Phase Equilibria in iron Phosphate System, A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the Missouri University of Science and Technology, In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in Ceramic Engineering, 2010.
22
23Hills (John), and others, Salt (NaCl) - SODIUM CHLORIDE, Article revised and updated by Erik Gregersen, 23 Aug., 2016, Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com.
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24 Akhavan (A.C.), The Silica Group, Quartz Page, © 2005-2013, last modified: Sunday, 12-Jan-2014 22:43:21 CET, Retrieved from http://www.quartzpage.de/gen_mod.html.
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25 Tile Flooring Technical Information, © Copyright Wood Pro Inc. Box 363 421 Washington Street Auburn, MA - (508) 832-3291- design by Lifelong Marketing, Retrieved from http://www.woodproinc.com/Tile_technicalinfo.php.
25
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
ESTIMATION OF FIRING TEMPERATURE OF ISLAMIC CERAMIC USING XRD AND FTIR
Firing minerals plays an important role in the estimation of firing temperature and thermal transformation in ceramic components. In this study, a comparison between XRD and FTIR was used in order to identify the firing minerals of ceramic from Al-Fūsṭāṭ, Cairo (641-1168 AD). Two types of minerals described in this study, meta-stable minerals (e.g. Gehlenite and Wollastonite), and stable minerals (e.g. Diopside). The thermal minerals are an indicator of the firing temperature of archaeological ceramic. All selected objects were fired above 850-900 °C. The results indicate that the ceramic from Mamlūk period has high quality of production. Firing at high temperature produce hard ceramic that requires special conservation materials when it applied.
https://shedet.journals.ekb.eg/article_87837_1861e733d221f1e1cce85c2cf63344b4.pdf
2017-12-01
167
174
10.21608/shedet.004.11
Ceramics
Firing minerals
Temperature
Mamlūk
XRD
FTIR
Diopside
Secondary calcite
Hamada
Sadek
hsr00@fayoum.edu.eg
1
AUTHOR
Chatfield (M.), “Tracing firing technology through clay properties in Cuzco, Peru,”Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 37, Issue 4 (2010), pp. 727–736.
1
De Benedetto (G.), Laviano (L.) Sabbatini (C.), “Infrared spectroscopy in the mineralogical characterization of ancient pottery,” Journal of Cultural Heritage, vol.3, issue 3 (2002), pp.177-186.
2
Goodwin (W.) – Hollenback (K.), “Assessing Techniques for the Estimation of Original Firing Temperatures of Plains Ceramics: Experimental and Archaeological Results,” Journal of Archaeological, Ethnographic and Experimental Studies, Vol.8, Issue 2 (2016), pp.180-204.
3
Henderson (J.), The science and archaeology of materials, Rutledge, 2000.
4
Jordán (Manuel), Sanfeliu (Teofilo), de la Fuente (Calvo), , “Firing Transformations of Tertiary Clays Used in the Manufacturing of Ceramic Tile Bodies” Applied Clay Science, Vol. 20, Issues 1-2, pp.87-95
5
Maniatis (Y.), “The emergence of ceramic technology and its evolution as revealed with the use of scientific techniques,” In from Mine to Microscope: Advances in the Study of Ancient Technology, Andrew Short land, Ian C. Freestone and ThiloRehren (eds.), Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2009. pp. 11-28.
6
Nicholson (P.), “Kilns and Firing Structures,” In UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology, Willeke Wendrich (ed.), University of California 2010, pp.1-10
7
Rapp (G.), 2009, Archaeomineralogy, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
8
Rasmussen (K.), de la Fuente (G.), Bond (A.), Mathiesen (K.) and Vera (S.), “Pottery firing temperatures: a new method for determining the firing temperature of ceramics and burnt clay,” Journal of Archaeological Science, 39 (2012), pp. 1705-1716.
9
Rhodes (D.), Clay and glazes for the potters, London: Chilton Book Co. 1996.
10
Rice (P.), Pottery analysis, The university of Chicago press 1987.
11
Sadek (H.), “Multi-Analytical approach for the study of glazed ceramics from El-Fusṭaṭ, Egypt,” Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry, Vol. 16, No. 3 (2016), pp. 65-71.
12
Shepard (A.), Ceramics for archaeologists, Washington: Carnegie institution of Washington, 1980.
13
Stuart (B.), Infrared Spectroscopy: Fundamentals and Applications, Chichester, West Sussex, England; Hoboken, NJ:J. Wiley, 2004.
14
Velraj (G.), Janaki (K.), Musthafa (M.), Pandalanivel (R.), “Estimation of firing temperature of some archaeological ceramics sherds excavated recently in Tamilnadu, India”. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy .Vol. 72, (2008), pp730-733.
15