Elgemaiey, G. (2021). The Influences of Islamic Architecture on Sikh Architecture in Punjab Region from The 16th-19th ce. Shedet, 8(8), 111-138. doi: 10.21608/shedet.2021.207836
Ghada Elgemaiey. "The Influences of Islamic Architecture on Sikh Architecture in Punjab Region from The 16th-19th ce". Shedet, 8, 8, 2021, 111-138. doi: 10.21608/shedet.2021.207836
Elgemaiey, G. (2021). 'The Influences of Islamic Architecture on Sikh Architecture in Punjab Region from The 16th-19th ce', Shedet, 8(8), pp. 111-138. doi: 10.21608/shedet.2021.207836
Elgemaiey, G. The Influences of Islamic Architecture on Sikh Architecture in Punjab Region from The 16th-19th ce. Shedet, 2021; 8(8): 111-138. doi: 10.21608/shedet.2021.207836
The Influences of Islamic Architecture on Sikh Architecture in Punjab Region from The 16th-19th ce
ABSTRACT This paper will trace the influence of Islamic architecture on Sikh buildings in the Punjab region of the north–west of India (10th-13th AH/ 16-19th CE. This influence was a direct result of the solid roots of Islamic architecture India’s Mughal Empire during the same aforementioned period. In return, the latter influenced by Islamic art and architecture in Iran. This manuscript presents Sikh religious architecture along with its origins and components; by giving a brief overview of the Sikhism’s various contexts including the region, socio-political history and analysing its architecture. It focuses on the Gurudwara; the temple and the focal point of the Sikhism. The paper shows to what extend the Gurudwara is a distinguished example showing the combination of Mughal Indian and Safavid architecture along with Sikh entirely new units. Moreover, Hindu architecture was also one of the Gurudwara architecture origins as appear in the distribution of the units. The study concluded that the similarity of Islamic architecture and Sikh architecture is due to that many architects and artists of the Gurudwara were Muslims.
1- Banerjee, A. C., Guru Nanak to Guru Gobind Singh, Kolkata, 1978.
2- Bhui, D.S., The Golden Temple: A synthesis of Styles, in Singh Parm Baksheesh, Publication Bureau, Punjabi University, Patiala, 1999.
3- Bigger, S., “Introduction to Sikhism”, teaching materials for MA in the religious education, unpublished, India, 2004.
4- Brekke, T., “Sikh Tradition”, in Cambridge M. Reichberg, and Syse (ed.), Religion, War and Ethics, a sourcebook of textual tradition, London, (Cambridge press. 2014), 672-700.
6- Crim (Keith), Abingdon Dictionary of Living Religions, London, 1981.
7- Dhillon, G., “Gurdarshan Singh. Singh Sabha Movement - A Revival”, in Institute of Sikh Studies Jasbir Singh Mann (ed.), Advanced studies in Sikhism, (Chandigarh, 1989), 234-262.
8- Gemaiey, G., “Uwsrat Balyan wa dawrwha alfnī wa almʿmarī īla alʿimara al dīnīa; fi alʿṣr alʿthumanay fi Istanbul khilal alqrn 13/19” (Balyan family and its art and architecture role in Ottoman religious architecture in Istanbul during 13/19 century), in Garay/ (ed.), alhrf wa almhrat wa alhīah almhnīh fi alʿalm almtwsṭay mn khilal almṣadr alathrīh, Tunis, (2010), almʿhd alʿalay lmhin altawrath 2014, 101-124
9- ––––––––––––., “Hussaini, the influence of the sectarian doctrine on the architecture of the Shi’a mosques in Iran”, Journal of humanities and social science 4, (2014), India, 100-118.
10- ––––––––––––, “Ideological connotations of the inscriptions of Juma masjed of Isfahan”, Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry 14, Greece, (2014) , 273-289
11- –––––––––––––, alʿmarah alīslamīh fi Iran: Masagd- Madarīs- Hawsaynyat, (Islamic architecture in Iran: Mosques, madrassa, Hussaini)Anglo Egyptian, 2014.
12––––––––––––––., “Zur-ḵhāna”, Journal of research and archeological studies 5(2019), Minia, 69-81.
13- Grewal, J. S., Social and Cultural History of the Punjab, Manohar Publishers, 2004.
14- Hasan, J (ed.), Mapping the Mughal city of Agra: proceedings of the Indian history congress, India 1990. Vol. 51, Indian history congress, 241-245.
15- Jutla, R, S., The visual and spatial structure in Mughal urban design: the 16th century city of Fatehpur Sikri, India, manuscript PhD dissertation, Virginia, 1995.
16- Kalsi, S, S), “Sacred Symbols in British Sikhism”, Internet Journal of Religion, Agra 1997. 3 vol, Agra, 111-117
17- Karamjit, S, Understanding Sikh Architecture through the Sikh Shrines in East Punjab, manuscript PhD thesis, India, 2012.
18- Kapoor, S.S., “The Rise of the Sikh Empire, The Times of Maharaja Ranjit Singh 1799-1839”, in S.S. Sodhi, J. S. Mann (ed.), The Source Book On Sikhism, (Halifax, NS. 2000) Canada, 466-476.
19- Khushwant, L., A History of the Sikhs, vol. I, Delhi, 2004.
20-Kumar, R., Critical Analysis of Jain Architecture in Bihar Region and its Influence on Regional Architecture, manuscript PhD. Thesis, Department of architecture, National institute of technology Patna, Bihar, 2018.
21- Langles, M., Voyage du Chevalier Chardin, vol. 4, Paris, 1811.
22- Loehlin, C.H., The Sikhs and Their Scripture. Lucknow Publishing House, India, 1958.
23- Nath, R., History of Mughal Architecture: The Age of Architectural Aestheticism, Shah Jehan, 1628-1658 A.D., Vol. 4, Part 1, Abhinav, New Delhi, 2006.
24- ––––––––., Islamic architecture and culture in India, B.R. Publishing Corporation, India, 1982.
25- Parihar, S., Some Aspects of Indo-Islamic Architecture, New Delhi, 1999.
26-Pop, A., A survey of Persian art, Oxford University Press, London, 1938-1939.
27- Ragab, A., alʿmarah alīslamīh fi Agra, India, fi elʿsr al Mghawlay 923-1275/1526-1857, (Islamic architecture in Agra, India, at the time of Mughal 923-1275/1526-1857), PhD thesis, Cairo University, 1996.
28- Shaw, E., Sikhism, overview of world religions, part of Philter religion, division of religion and philosophy, University of Cumbira, England, 1996
29- Shkolna, O., “Mirror interiors in Iranian architecture of the 19th–21st centuries, Artistic Culture study”, Topical issues 15 (2019) Russia, 110–115.
30- Singh, D., “Khalsa heritage of Sikh art in Gurudwaras”, Abstracts of Sikh Studies, (2003) India, 100–103.
31- Singh, G., “Sikh architecture” in Harbans Singh (ed.) Encyclopedia of Sikhism, Punjabi University (1998), Vol. 4, Patiala, 131–133.
32-Singh, P., Aotearoa Sikh architecture, a place for worship, manuscript MA. Thesis, Unitec of technology, 2013
33-Steinbach, C., The Punjab; a Brief Account the Country of the Sikhs, Second Edition, London, 1846.
Top